However, today, most discussions refer to the TCP/IP Protocol Suite model that has, listed from the top down, five layers: application, transport, network, data link, and physical. Let’s investigate a ...

In the layered model, programs such as the Web browser are at the application layer, the uppermost layer. The bottom layers manage raw data transmission over the physical link, which can be anything ...

Ethernet is a layer 2 data link protocol that is widely used with the TCP/IP protocol, which resides at layers 3 and 4.

The purpose of the network layer is to help route messages between different local networks. Central to this layer is the concept of exclusive network addresses, where every terminal connected to the ...

However, OSPF scales to larger networks, particularly WANs, better than EIGRP. Other Layer 3 routing protocols, such as Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and IS–IS, aren’t as widely available across ...

Furthermore, with the advent of small-scale appliance networking, we shall soon need IP addresses for every component and subcomponent of equipment in an office, factory or the home. The next ...