Fig. 1 Overview of the OFN sensor. (A) Schematic diagram of the OFN sensing system; (B) Photographs of the output light when the sensor was untouched, (C) subjected to normal force, and (D) subjected ...

Evaluating tribological properties such as friction coefficients, friction forces, and torques for arbitrary material pairs, with high precision is crucial for multiple areas of research and industry.

For example, a 2-kN force properly applied to a cubic-centimetersized quartz crystal produces over 12.5 kV. Voltage created by an applied stress is called piezoelectricity. Unlike strain gages that ...

COLUMBIA can offer an extensive range of Force Balance Servo Accelerometers and Inclinometers, designed specifically to provide the user with a variety of sizes, configurations and performance levels ...