The atmosphere and the earth’s ecosystems are parts of a coupled system. For a large variety of processes, forcing from one partner in the interaction elicits one or more responses from the other ...

An ecosystem is normally defined as a complex of all living (plants, animals, microorganisms) and non-living (soil, climate) components interacting as a functional unit in a certain area. Each ...

vices (supporting, regulating, provisioning, and cultural) defined by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA, 2005). Ecosystem services can also be classified according to their spatial ...